The Rhetorical and phonetic Phenomena of the fundamental structures in the literary context are considered to be one of the most important linguistic, unique and distinctive artistic mechanisms in the Holy Quran. The translator of the Holy Qur'an, though skilled in the work, sometimes relies on the transmission of Rhetorical and phonetic imagery in many cases. This is actually to arrange the meaning and meaning of the sentence, as the link between the image and the concept is incomplete due to the loop. In this study, the authors have attempted to convey this problem to the play by citing examples of these Rhetorical and phonetic Phenomena embodied in many Qur'anic verses, a problem that does not overshadow the nature of translation. So we present some of the solutions we've come up with, as well as familiarizing ourselves with some of the possible alternatives to it, using the experts' experience in translation.

The term "Balā ḡ at" in Islamic literature and its equivalent in the literary tradition of the West, the term "Rhetoric", has had three main meanings up to the present time: the first meaning is the Aristotelian understanding of rhetoric, which is condoned with the which relates to the Rhetoric and techniques and means of the audience's persuasion; Second, is the aesthetic or literary meaning connects rhetoric with poetry and techniques of imagination; and finally a new approach to rhetoric that tries to extend the scope of this science in such a way that the two previous concepts are combined together. "Allegory" is one of the Rhetorical tools that have taken into account all approaches in the history of rhetoric. In other words, the aesthetic and persuasive capacities of allegory have led to pay attention to the works of rhetoric with various contributions to the concept of rhetoric. The purpose of this research is to redefine the various rhetoric's definitions and perspectives on allegory and explain its Rhetorical power in the light of various approaches to rhetoric.

This research aims to investigate the organization of Persian learner’s writings. Organization refers to the relationship between main ideas and the coherence of the text. Among the various approaches, the Rhetorical structure (RST) by Mann and Thompson (Mann & Thompson, 1988) and Swale’s Rhetorical movement (Swales, 1990) are advantageous for analyzing the coherence of written productions. Since each approach has its shortcomings that the other can address, this study combines these two approaches to efficiently investigate organization.

Allusion is one of the most commonly used Rhetorical techniques in Persian literature and especially Persian poetry. This research reviews the allusion figure of speech in Persian Rhetorical sources comparatively. Research questions are: 1) What is allusion? 2) What is the position of allusion in Persian Rhetorical resources? 3) Why and how has allusion been commingled with other figures of speech? 4) How does the role of allusion aesthetics in poetry become apparent? For answering these questions, relevant information to allusion from forty different Farsi and Arabic Rhetorical references was collected based on inductive method. Obtained data was investigated based on descriptive-analytical approach. Results of the research indicate that Farsi Rhetorical sources to comply with Arabic resources just rounded off with allusion definition and by categorizing it in a subset of plagiarism does not clarify its position as an independent Rhetorical figure. Because of unlimited conceptual boundaries, allusion has comingled with other figures of speech and therefore analysis of its impact and aesthetic role in Persian poetry has been ignored…

Rhetorical figures have been the focus of rhetoricians' attention since the ancient era; they have also classified these figures differently. Even before division of Rhetorical devices into three branches of meaning, expression and rhetoric, this attention has been prevalent. Among others Ibn-e Motaz, Qodamat, Ibn-e Rashiq and Ibn-e Sanam Khafaji did some studies in this area. After differentiating Sciences of Rhetoric from one another, in the 7th century, Sakaki divided Rhetorical figures into figures of speech and figures of thought. In the contemporary era, there are other classifications which are based on the past ones, except for some additional points which is the outcome of recent linguistic discoveries. Modern poetry, and the figures of speech employed in it, has drawn our attention to another classification that is the division of figures of speech on the basis of their associations (similarity, contiguity, and opposition).After studying the historical classifications, this article attempts to classify the figures of speech on the basis of various classifications of associations.

This article studies the role of "Rhetorical Situation" in the formation of genres. Accordingly, the article discusses the concept of genre in rhetoric which includes a variety of fields ranging from the ancient oratory tothe communication studies in 20th century. Unlike literary approaches which define genre mostly on the basis of textual features (form and content), Rhetorical approach defines genre according to the extra-textual features such as situation and audience. Before 20th century, the concept of "situation" was very much static and limited to some specific and clear-cut situations and the speaker and audience only had to passively respond to these situations. In 20th century, the theories of Bakhtin and Carolin Miller turned this concept into a dynamic one. According to these theorists, a genre comes to existence in a communicative process and with the participation of speaker and audience. This article first addresses the theories of genre in ancient rhetoric, and then goes on to show that the definition of genre as social action makes genre a tool for production and reproduction of social values and ideological assumptions in different cultures. Finally, the article mentions some of the consequences of Rhetorical approach for literary studies.

The Tabriz fault, is a strike-slip fault, that stretches from Zanjan-Soltanieh mountains in Iran, to Ararat mountains, in Turkey. Along this fault, from Bostanabad to Salmas, are different geomorphologic Phenomena that contain displaced and cutting floodways, height difference and forming of scarpment, fault valley, fault spring, natural pools, and Urumieh Lake. This lake is an important phenomenon of Tabriz fault activity. Urumieh Lake before forming, connected to Gotur Chay and Aras river by a channel. This channel, is in northeast of Salmas and in north of Urumieh Lake. these features determine Tabriz fault from Bostanabad to Salmas. The purpose of this research is about distinction of geomorphogical consists which were formed from Tabriz fault and especially the formation of Urumieh Lake. The method of research consists studying of satellite images, aerial Photographs, geological and topographic maps and field geology.